. . 174–195 16 Tarr, David, ‘Defense as Strategy: A Conceptual Analysis’, in Cimbala, Stephen. Their true policy is to hasten a peace; and as soon as our armies begin to "earn their living," as Secretary Stanton says, they will perceive that this can best be done by ceasing to afford shelter to Southern privateers and to lionize rebels. . Brand, William R. and Mroczkowska-Brand, Katarzyna (New York: Vintage, 2001), p. 33 101 Minter, , Apartheids Contras, p. 194 61 The SADF's UNITA training mission was later expanded to 40 SADF personnel. . ), National Security Strategy: Choices and Limits (New York: Praeger, 1983), pp. 9 Morgenthau, Hans J., Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1967), pp. Indeed, it was clear that victory in 1975 had ‘went to the best trained, armed and supplied of the three groups, the MPLA’ Human Rights Watch, Angola: Violations of the Laws of War By Both Sides, (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1989), p. 28 17–18 . . 108 George, , The Cuban Intervention in Angola, p. 90 Through a combination of descriptive and quantitative analysis conclusions are drawn to better understand the . . When the existing 50 Cuban instructors redeployed from Brazzaville to Luanda, their Soviet colleagues remained behind. 259–279 ; Watch, Africa, Angola: Civilians Devastated by 15 Year War (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1991), pp. . 76–7; George, , The Cuban Intervention in Angola, p. 54 Where Kalyvas has employed the term ‘systematical non-conventional warfare’, I have used ‘irregular warfare’. 27 Guimarães, Fernando Andersen, The Origins of the Angolan Civil War: Foreign Intervention and Domestic Political Conflict (London: Macmillan, 2001), p. 97 Today, foreign intervention is not much discussed in Civil War Curriculum. 47–66 . . In the introduction of a 2003 version of the book Mark M. Smith described Cairnes’ “attention to the interaction between politics and economics” (Cairnes and Smith xx). Volumes have been written and on historic tours, such as the tour here at President Lincoln’s Cottage, the subject is addressed, but modern day visitors tend to forget the importance the threat played in the mind of the average 1860s American. 76 Kapuscinski, , Another Day of Life, pp. The difficulty, she says, is in extracting customary law from states’ practices in such a rapidly changing and contested field. 68 Blair, Jon, ‘Unscrambling America's Role in the Angolan Fiasco’, Times (23 June 1976) 100 Howe, Marvine, ‘New Angola move by Cuba reported: opposition guerrilla group said to step up attacks against key rail line’, New York Times (4 June 1976), p. 7 . 218–219 . 24 Kinckmeyer, Ellen, ‘Battle lines leave some Liberians locked in hunger/fighting persists outside capital’, Associated Press (9 August 2003) 107 Stuvøy, , War Economy and the Social Order of Insurgencies, p. 57 ( Log Out /  106 Stuvøy, Kirsti, War Economy and the Social Order of Insurgencies: An Analysis of the Internal Structure of UNITA's War Economy, Arbeitspapier No. “The Court famously held that US assistance to the contras was a breach of the principle of non-intervention which involved the right of every state to conduct its affairs without outside interference, and that an alleged right of intervention could not find a place in international law.”. 38–63 You can access any personal information the University holds about you by contacting the University’s Privacy Officer at privacy-officer@unimelb.edu.au. 41 Kapuscinski, Ryszard, Another Day of Life, trans. and ed. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No Derivatives 3.0 Australia (CC BY-ND 3.0 AU), so you can republish our articles for free, online or in print. Indeed, foreign intervention in civil war is the rule rather than the exception, with 71 percent of civil wars recording at least one intervention.2 Furthermore, foreign intervention can be influential in changing the trajectory of civil wars. . 15 Smith, M. L. R., ‘Guerrillas in the Mist: Reassessing Strategy and Low Intensity Warfare’, Review of International Studies, 29:1 (2003), p. 21 85 James, , A Political History of the Civil War in Angola, p. 75 . Also see, Marcum, , The Angolan Revolution, p. 259; Bender, ‘Kissinger in Angola: Anatomy of Failure’, pp. . 55 Somerville, Keith, Angola: Politics, Economics and Society (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1986), p. 162 . . for this article. . “The funding of this major five-year project will provide me and my team with the much-needed time and resources to evaluate whether and if so, how, the law needs to change.“The stakes are high for those who live in countries engulfed by wars, for refugees seeking protection, and for countries like Australia deciding whether they can and should provide humanitarian or military assistance.” Banner image: Australian soldiers assigned to Task Group Taji demonstrate proper weapons handling techniques during the beginning stages of urban operations training at Camp Taji, Iraq, Aug 1, 2015. 21 Roddy, Michael, ‘Liberian rebels attack central Monrovia’, Reuters (27 July 1990) . . 25 The most influential volume on this period is Marcum, John, The Angolan Revolution: Exile Politics and Guerrilla Warfare, 1962–1976, Vol. Read the original article.”, Should foreign countries intervene in civil wars? 91, 155 “In 1986, the ICJ was asked to rule on the case concerning military and paramilitary measures in and against Nicaragua,” says Professor Orford. 80 Rothchild and Hartzell, ‘The Case of Angola: Four Power Intervention and Disengagement’, p. 167. 12 Indeed, the only major difference between my typology and Kalyvas' is in terminology. 71 Kapuscinski, , Another Day of Life, p. 122 The work was used by Cairnes to deter the English parliament from intervening on the side of the Confederacy for economic reasons. Refugees from civil wars in Syria and Iraq are seeking shelter in neighbouring countries. 73 George, , The Cuban Intervention in Angola, p. 72 ; Freedman, Lawrence (ed. 58 George, , The Cuban Intervention in Angola, p. 81 89 Most estimates are close to this figure, for instance Ebinger calculated FNLA strength in 1975 at 14,000. Today, foreign intervention is not much discussed in Civil War Curriculum. ; Minter, , Apartheids Contras, pp. Not only did the book conclude that Slavery was a bad practice, not morally but economically, it also argued that the South was “economically-unviable”. 70 Stockwell, , In Search of Enemies, pp. 2 Laia Balcells and Stathis N. Kalyvas, ‘Consequences of Warfare in Civil Wars: An Empirical Analysis’, presented at the American Political Science Association Annual Meeting, Toronto, Canada (September 2009); Kalyvas, Stathis N., The Logic of Violence in Civil Wars (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006) 38 Klinghoffer, Arthur Jay, The Angolan War: A Study in Soviet Policy in the Third World (Boulder: Westview Press, 1980), p. 15 . 1–3 See, for example, Svensson, Isak, ‘Bargaining, Bias and Peace Brokers: How Rebels Commit to Peace’, Journal of Peace Research, 44:2 (2007), pp. 44 Frequently irregular warfare is depicted as ‘criminal, depoliticized, private, and predatory’, and this phase of the Angolan Civil War received a similar portrayal. ; ‘Angola reported to wage all-out drive on guerrillas’, New York Times (9 November 1976), p. 4. This concerned the legality of US military and paramilitary activities in and against Nicaragua, including recruiting, training, arming, equipping, financing, and supporting the armed opposition (commonly referred to as the contras). ; Bender, ‘Kissinger in Angola: Anatomy of Failure’, pp. 72 The Observer (30 November 1975), quoted in Hallett, Robin, ‘The South African Intervention in Angola, 1975–76’, African Affairs, 77:308 (1978), p. 373 30 Heywood, Linda M., ‘Unita and Ethnic Nationalism in Angola’, The Journal of Modern African Studies, 27:1 (1989), pp. 97 George, , The Cuban Intervention in Angola, p. 119 . ; Merom, Gil, ‘Strong Powers in Small Wars: The Unnoticed Foundations of Success’, Small Wars and Insurgencies, 9:2 (1998), pp. 23 Dallaire, Roméo, Shake Hands With the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda (London: Arrow Books, 2004), p. 277 . ; Rothchild and Hartzell, ‘The Case of Angola: Four Power Intervention and Disengagement’, p. 178; James, , A Political History of the Civil War in Angola, pp. . . ; Spikes, , Angola and the Politics of Intervention, pp. ; Barber, James, South Africa's Foreign Policy, 1945–1970 (London: Oxford University Press, 1973), pp. Foreign Intervention I was wondering if any playing this awesome Civil War game has had any Foreign Interventiom either from the Brits or Frenchies? Johais, Eva . . The University has a television and radio studio to facilitate live and prerecorded broadcast quality interviews with media. . . . . . ), Angola, Mozambique, and the West (New York: Praeger, 1987), p. 3 . 48 Kapuscinski, , Another Day of Life, p. 31 Change ), You are commenting using your Facebook account. The University may collect, store and handle personal information about you including but not limited to your name and email address for the sole purpose of allowing you to subscribe to Pursuit’s weekly digest of cutting-edge research findings and expert commentary. ; Humbaraci, Arslan and Muchnik, Nicole, Portugal's African Wars: Angola, Guinea Bissao, Mozambique (London: Macmillan, 1974) Perhaps the Harper’s Weekly article best surmises the importance of such voices of opposition from across the pond. . Russia in the past has been an overarching ally to Syria through out their historical diplomatic ties beginning from the Cold War. It was reported, for example, that the FNLA had ‘no regular organization beyond what Holden Roberto could personally control’ and so at ‘the time of the civil war it had a large but poorly disciplined military’. 19 See Clausewitz, Carl von, On War, trans. The war has already deprived them of one half their customers in this country ; intervention would strip them of the other half. Other journalists agreed that the MPLA was ‘seeking to shift its widely scattered guerrilla units into conventional military commands’. 112–114 Ebinger, ‘External Intervention in Internal War’, p. 674. While bearing this in mind, however, terrorism does frequently play a prominent role in how civil wars are fought, although does so as a tactic in parallel with a conventional, guerrilla or irregular strategy. Ms. James is a Historical Interpreter at President Lincoln’s Cottage. . ( Log Out /  4 Regan, , Civil Wars and Foreign Powers, p. 29. . . 214–215 46 Marcum, , The Angolan Revolution, p. 259 79–80 . Harper’s Weekly July 12, 1862. . 88–104 . Now, the emergence of ISIS seems set to redraw existing borders and, in the process, set the world’s teeth on edge. ; Barnett, Don and Harvey, Roy, The Revolution in Angola: MPLA, Life Histories and Documents (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1972) ( Log Out /  The article notes J.E. (appendix 4). 6 Leites, Nathan and Wolf, Charles, Rebellion and Authority: Analytical Essay on Insurgent Conflicts (Chicago: Markham Publishing Company, 1970), pp.